Honor Award

Reclaiming the Shoreline: Redefining Indiana's Lake Michigan Coast

Dane Carlson, Student ASLA, Undergraduate, Ball State University
Faculty Advisor: Meg Calkins, ASLA

The coal generating station in Michigan City, Indiana is one of a series of industrial complexes which have dominated the shoreline of Lake Michigan for decades, bringing with them pollution of ground and water and crippled shorelines. This design solution utilizes the framework of industrial infrastructure to return the site to ecological and community function; as ecological processes develop through a series of phases, human inhabitation brings the site to life.

Context & Site

Initially developed as a power generating station by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company in the early 1930s, this site has suffered enormously through several phases of development. Byproducts of coal combustion are distributed throughout, potentially mixing heavy metals and other toxins with rain water, which then seeps into the ground. Any ecological community which existed previously is forgotten. The plant continues to function through today, and as a result this plan proposes a series of phases in site reclamation through the plant's decommissioning and beyond.

To the northeast, the lighthouse jetty of Michigan City's harbor prevents any shoreline to its immediate south from receiving new sediment input. As a result, this shoreline has been subject to massive erosion of existing dunes and destruction of ecological communities. This necessitates the site's shoreline stabilization, which is accomplished by two layers of steel sheet pilings and large piles of concrete rip-rap. These factors prevent the formation of dunes and healthy ecological communities along the shoreline. Coal ash settling ponds are located adjacent to the lakeshore and are not lined, and a massive pile of coal (up to 150,000 tons) is stored on-site. Both of these features are potentially responsible for groundwater and soil pollution.

Neighborhoods surrounding the site fall well below typical standards of education and income. In addition to its aesthetic nuisance, the site is completely enclosed by fences and is inaccessible to any members of the community. Across Trail Creek lies Michigan City's enormously popular public beach, while the location of the plant prevents a massive portion of the shoreline from being used for recreation or other functions.

Program

The program consists of three primary components: ecological development, creation of a public realm and spatial network, and community development. Rather than creating the site as a destination, the program intends to extend all surrounding elements directly into the site design.

Ecology

Reestablishment of tiered dune ecosystems is the primary component of ecological restoration. The introduction of new sediment flows through littoral drift and longshore current, in addition to the creation of a semi-permeable jetty, allows for the accretion of sand along the shoreline, and this process is accelerated by the staggered formations of sheet pilings driven into the lakebed. As a new layer of dunes form here, landward sand becomes stabilized by pioneer vegetation, allowing it to host new and varied plant communities.  

Four intradunal wetlands, also known as pannes, and one coastal wetland replace the series of ash settling ponds along the shoreline. The remaining layer of sheet piling, together with a sub-grade sheet of clay, forms a waterproof barrier leading to the accumulation of water at the bottom of each depression. The wet feet of each depression make them uniquely suitable to host rushes and sedges which form the basis of panne plant communities.

The creation of dune forests inland of the shoreline mimics the natural progression of successional dune ecologies. The initial layer of dunes begins organic matter accumulation with cottonwood and dunegrass. Jack pine forest and oak savannah inhabit the layers of dune beyond this, and oak/hickory forests beyond these. Introduction of these tiers of dune evolution creates the basis for a permanently evolving, functional ecological system which mimics that of the national lakeshore to the south.

Community

Introduction of dense residential development allows the site to be a place of inhabitation as well as a destination. Located directly north of an existing neighborhood, this new community provides pedestrian connections to existing streets and allows residents from surrounding communities to access pedestrian circulation routes into the heart of the site. Community development lies on the site's southern portion, maintaining the northern reaches as a place for ecological growth, ecotourism, and education. All homes front on open space and residents can easily access woodland canopies or recreational hotspots through aerial circulation systems. A central node makes basic services, such as daycare and grocery, within walking distance of homes.

Public Realm

The most iconic features of the generating station, in addition to most of the auxiliary structures, are adapted into public amenities. In the west, the cooling tower becomes a hotel, providing a viewing platform for the public and creating an anchor for the aerial circulation system. This system extends eastward through the community, carving a path for the creation of a green avenue defined by woodland plantings. To the east, both boiler houses host sport courts and adventure recreation due to their proximity to the creek's waterfront. Here, an extension of the Franklin Street corridor forms the primary commercial and open public space on site. Access extends northward, connecting this attraction to the public beach through a series of woodland and waterside pathways open only to pedestrians.

Plant List

Pioneer Species: Marram Grass, Cottonwood. Stable Foredune Species: Cottonwood, Marram Grass, Bearberry, Common Milkweed, Little Bluestem, Sand Cherry, Rough Blazing Star, Azure Aster. Pine/Oak Dune Species: Jackpine, White Pine, Juniper, Black Oak, Witchhazel, Solomon's Seal, Columbine. Wetland Species: Needle Spikerush, Willow, Baltic Rush, Short-tailed Rush, Stonewort, Kalm's St. Johnswort, Floating Lead Pondweed, Lesser Duckweed, Horned Bladderwort, Great Blue Lobelia

American Society of Landscape Architects